venerdì 7 settembre 2007

Violenza simbolica

La teoria della violenza simbolica in P. Bourdieu
di Marco Pedroni
Urbino, 13 settembre 2007 - Forum AIS Giovani

Il pensiero di Pierre Bourdieu è solitamente associato alle nozioni di habitus, capitale e campo. Meno nota, invece, è la sua teoria della violenza simbolica, espressione con cui Bourdieu indica una forma di violenza invisibile attraverso la quale alcuni significati vengono imposti come legittimi, dissimulando i rapporti di forza di cui in realtà sono espressione.
La teoria della violenza simbolica prende corpo con gli studi di Bourdieu sulla società cabila (Sociologie de l’Algérie, Le Déracinement) e sul sistema scolastico (La Reproduction, Les Héritiers) e attraversa i suoi scritti principali (Esquisse d’une théorie de la pratique, Raisons pratiques, Méditations pascaliennes) fino a La domination masculine, dove riceve un’ampia trattazione in relazione al rapporto di dominazione dell’uomo sulla donna.
Il termine «simbolico» è fortemente presente nel vocabolario della sociologia francese classica, in particolare nei lavori di Mauss (Essai sur le don), che nell’analizzare la reciprocità del dono mostra gli effetti sociali della funzione simbolica, e di Durkheim (Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse), che interpreta le credenze e i riti totemici in modo non letterale, ma simbolico. I fenomeni simbolici sono oggettivi, tanto da costituire la base per la creazione di una comunità.
La violenza simbolica, che si esercita con il consenso di chi la subisce, presuppone una visione già propria di Marx e Weber: i rapporti di senso si fondano su rapporti di forza, che si definiscono nella competizione tra attori sociali e gruppi in lotta per le posizioni dominanti. Ma Bourdieu supera la riduzione marxista della cultura a sovrastruttura proprio attraverso Weber, da cui mutua un’idea di simbolico come forma di valore non riducibile al solo valore economico, ma legata all’attività cognitiva (l’attribuzione di senso).

Nella letteratura sociologica la nozione è stata spesso impiegata come semplice contrario di una violenza fisica o di una violenza reale. Le critiche mosse a Bourdieu riguardano in particolar modo: la natura eminentemente concettuale della violenza simbolica, che ne rende difficoltosa una precisa delimitazione; la sua dipendenza dalle categorie del pensiero economico; il privilegio epistemologico che Bourdieu accorda al sociologo, il cui lavoro critico deve mostrare agli agenti sociali la via per liberarsi dalla morsa del dominio simbolico.

Il minor successo del concetto nel panorama italiano può essere ricondotto al fatto che la violenza simbolica richiama, più di altri temi, il problema del rapporto tra dominati e dominanti, acutizzando le frequenti accuse di marxismo e strutturalismo rivolte a Bourdieu. La tesi che si intende sostenere è che, in realtà, il dualismo tra dominati e dominanti è letto dall’autore in stretta relazione con la dimensione simbolica: Bourdieu si sottrae tanto alla concezione neokantiana dei sistemi simbolici come strumenti di conoscenza e costruzione del mondo oggettivo (strutture strutturanti), quanto all’analisi strutturale che li tratta come mezzi di comunicazione (strutture strutturate), ma anche al marxismo che in essi vede strumenti di dominio funzionali agli interessi della classe dominante. Le tre tradizioni sembrano anzi trovare un punto d’incontro nella dimensione del potere simbolico (Language et pouvoir symbolique).
Più convincente è invece la critica che vede nella violenza simbolica una teoria delimitata senza sufficiente precisione e difficile da operativizzare empiricamente. Per la sociologia essa rimane una teoria dal forte potere euristico, capace di offrire un modello di spiegazione adatto a tutti i campi dell’attività umana, nei quali si vengono sempre a determinare regole specifiche di azione, una posta in gioco e competizioni per il controllo del campo. La sfida, assolutamente aperta, consiste nell’individuare delle linee guida per applicare la teoria della violenza simbolica a oggetti di analisi più specifici.

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